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"With great compassion and analytical rigor, Cottom questions the fundamental narrative of American education policy, that a postsecondary degree always guarantees a better life..”
—The New York Times Book Review
More than two million students are enrolled in for-profit colleges, from the small family-run operations to the behemoths brandished on billboards, subway ads, and late-night commercials. These schools have been around just as long as their bucolic not-for-profit counterparts, yet shockingly little is known about why they have expanded so rapidly in recent years—during the so-called Wall Street era of for-profit colleges.
In Lower Ed Tressie McMillan Cottom—a bold and rising public scholar, herself once a recruiter at two for-profit colleges—expertly parses the fraught dynamics of this big-money industry to show precisely how it is part and parcel of the growing inequality plaguing the country today. McMillan Cottom discloses the shrewd recruitment and marketing strategies that these schools deploy and explains how, despite the well-documented predatory practices of some and the campus closings of others, ending for-profit colleges won’t end the vulnerabilities that made them the fastest growing sector of higher education at the turn of the twenty-first century. And she doesn’t stop there.
With sharp insight and deliberate acumen, McMillan Cottom delivers a comprehensive view of postsecondary for-profit education by illuminating the experiences of the everyday people behind the shareholder earnings, congressional battles, and student debt disasters. The relatable human stories in Lower Ed—from mothers struggling to pay for beauty school to working class guys seeking “good jobs” to accomplished professionals pursuing doctoral degrees—illustrate that the growth of for-profit colleges is inextricably linked to larger questions of race, gender, work, and the promise of opportunity in America.
Drawing on more than one hundred interviews with students, employees, executives, and activists, Lower Ed tells the story of the benefits, pitfalls, and real costs of a for-profit education. It is a story about broken social contracts; about education transforming from a public interest to a private gain; and about all Americans and the challenges we face in our divided, unequal society.
- Sales Rank: #51955 in Books
- Published on: 2017-02-28
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.30" h x 1.00" w x 5.70" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 256 pages
Review
Praise for Lower Ed:
"Cottom does a good job of making the name Lower Ed stick, and she makes a solid case for reviewing the entire system of higher education for openness of opportunity.”
—Kirkus Reviews
"In Lower Ed McMillan Cottom is at her very best—rigorous, incisive, empathetic, and witty. . . . Her sharp intelligence, throughout, makes this book compelling, unforgettable, and deeply necessary."
—Roxane Gay, author of Difficult Women and Bad Feminist
"Lower Ed is brilliant. It is nuanced, carefully argued, and engagingly written. It is a powerful, chilling tale of what happens when profit-driven privatization of a public good latches on to systemic inequality and individual aspirations."
—Carol Anderson, author of White Rage and professor of African American studies at Emory University
"This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the market forces currently transforming higher education. It is an eye-opening portrait of this burgeoning educational sector and the ways in which its rapid expansion is linked to skyrocketing inequality and growing labor precarity in the twenty-first-century United States."
—Ruth Milkman, past president of the American Sociological Association
"In a sea of simplistic and often bombastic critiques of American higher education, Tressie McMillan Cottom’s trenchant analysis of Lower Ed stands out. As the Trump administration moves to make life ever easier for the nation’s for-profit colleges, this book offers the most powerful form of resistance—detailed storytelling of the causes and consequences of this big-money industry. Anyone frustrated with high college prices, student debt, or the diminishing sense of hope surrounding so many communities needs to read this book."
—Sara Goldrick-Rab, author of Paying the Price and professor of higher education policy at Temple University
"With passion, eloquence, and data too, McMillan Cottom charts the harm we are doing to our youth, to higher education, and to democracy itself."
—Cathy N. Davidson, author of Now You See It and founding director of the Futures Initiative at the City University of New York
"[A] profound examination of the role of for-profit colleges in the emerging, ‘new’ American economic landscape. This is the best book I’ve read on for-profit (or shareholder) colleges and universities."
—William A. Darity Jr., professor of economics, public policy, and African American studies at Duke University
About the Author
Tressie McMillan Cottom worked in enrollment at two for-profit colleges. After experiencing the kinds of choices students faced, she left the for-profit educational sector to go study it in graduate school. She is now an assistant professor of sociology at Virginia Commonwealth University. She has been a columnist for Slate and an online contributor to the Washington Post and The Atlantic, and is quite fond of Dolly Parton, fancy coffee, brunch, nineties hip-hop, bacon, and the Delta blues. She lives in Richmond, Virginia.
Most helpful customer reviews
37 of 41 people found the following review helpful.
A Unique Combination of Sociology, Scholarship, and Storytelling
By Justin Reich
Prof. Cottom is one of the nation's foremost sociologists of higher education, and her first solo authored book is an incredible combination of scholarship and storytelling. Before her doctoral work, Cottom worked as an "enrollment counselor" in two for-profit higher education institutions with different sectors and clientele. With a keen eye for details and human relationships (and an extensive LiveJournal blog to help job her memory), Cottom describes her front line work enrolling students in Beauty College and Technical College, and the mythology of educational salvation that had her and her colleagues convinced that encouraging low-income, minority students to take on massive debts with their families to pursue degrees with questionable labor market value was an unquestionable social good. This front row seat to the student enrollment experience is complimented by later fieldwork from her doctoral work with a diverse set of sources: SEC filings from university holding companies, interviews with woman seeking doctoral degrees from for-profit universities, and her own exercises in enrolling in these universities. Both her stories and her more technical analyses are compelling, and her ease at moving back and forth between the two is one of the remarkable characteristics of her writing.
Cottom's thesis is that the driving forces behind the rise of for-profit, financialized Lower Ed are persistent social inequality combined with a shift in risk from institutions to individuals, most prominently here a shift in responsibilities for job training from employers and government to individual students and employees. This shift is partially masked by a collective myth-making about higher education as a source of the collective good, allowing for-profit conglomerates to ride the moral coattails of elite universities: elite Ed's explanations about why they don't need to distribute their enormous endowments or get taxed justify Lower Ed's expansion and growth to serve non-traditional students. But the conditions for Lower Ed to rise required a bipartisan faith in markets as the rational mechanism for distributing educational credentials, rather than a collective responsibility to use policy to support full employment and public funding of higher education. As carefully as Cottom describes the stories of individual actors, the real intellectual accomplishment is interpreting their actions as parts of larger systems.
Cottom refuses to blame the poor judgment of students or the evil hearts of college enrollment managers, but insists that we see the society that we all build and share as responsible for the social inequalities that produce Lower Ed.
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
This book is a page-turner. McMillan Cottom deftly interweaves ...
By truculentmoose
This book is a page-turner. McMillan Cottom deftly interweaves personal narrative and rigorous social science research in her exploration of for-profit schools. For my nerds out there, this book is data rich, well argued, and nuanced. But that's not all! This book is engaging and empathetic, two qualities that many social science investigations lack. This book is not a one-note condemnation of for profit schools, but instead reveals the myriad social factors which led to the emergence of the for-profit education industry.
For me this book did two things: 1) made me think critically about the landscape of higher education and our labor system in new ways and 2) inspired me to more carefully consider ways in which my personal history intersects with unsolved social problems. I am convinced that employing a combination of lived experience and research, heart and smarts, will lead us to innovative solutions that will make our society more just and more vibrant.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
This is one of the best books about higher education written recently
By Jill
This is one of the best books about higher education written recently. Cottom has a compelling background from which she bases her research - she is a trained sociologist and professor, but started in the field of higher education as a recruiter for so-called "proprietary" for-profit institutions (which she dubs "Technical College" and "Beauty College" for purposes of anonymity) in the South. Unlike large, publicly owned institutions (a la the University of Phoenix), the institutions for which she worked tend to be smaller, family-owned, and focused on an "in-demand" vocation. But, there are many similarities that all for-profit institutions share, mostly in their admissions and marketing tactics.
Cottom uses an interesting analogy at the beginning of this book in her description of for-profit colleges. She compares for-profits such as the one for which she worked as the "televangelists" of the higher education industry - using high-energy but often deceptive tactics to get students to believe that these institutions can change their lives. While few who benefitted from higher education (myself included) would argue against the advantages that a superior university experience affords, there is a grim difference between , and this difference, Cottom argues, is reflective of the systemic socioeconomic inequalities that have increased in recent years and that allow for-profit institutions to proliferate as well.
In the United States, we are trained to believe that more education = more opportunity. Those who hail from areas that previously relied on industries that did not historically require degrees (i.e. manufacturing) for entry are now, in greater numbers, seeking degrees. Cottom argues that it's an over-emphasis on "credentialing" that fuels the proliferation of these institutions. For-profit institutions tend to target populations of people who are 1) underprepared academically for college; 2) looking for a "quick" credential to get a "good" job in a "stable" industry; 3) looking for easy cash via easily-available student loan $$$; or 4) are generally not well-informed about their institutional choices. Using high-pressure sales tactics, these institutions enroll needy students who more often than not end up in a great amount of debt, finishing with a credential of dubious value, and in many cases, do not graduate at all.
Overall, a compelling look at a troubling trend in today's higher education marketplace. This exposé of the inner-workings of these institutions will hopefully motivate a broader conversation about how to stop these institutions from harming more Americans.
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